The exact cause of renal pelvis cancer is not completely understood, but several risk factors have been linked to its development:
1. Smoking: Chemicals in tobacco smoke enter the bloodstream and are filtered by the kidneys, which can damage the cells lining the renal pelvis and increase the risk of cancer.
2. Chronic Kidney Infections: Repeated or long-term infections in the urinary tract may contribute to the development of cancer in the renal pelvis.
3. Exposure to Chemicals: Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, such as those found in some industrial work environments (e.g., dyes, solvents), can increase the risk of renal pelvis cancer.
4. Age: Renal pelvis cancer is more common in older adults, particularly those over the age of 60.
5. Personal or Family History of Urothelial Cancer: A history of bladder or ureter cancer increases the risk of developing renal pelvis cancer.

The symptoms of renal pelvis cancer are often similar to those of other urinary system conditions, making early detection challenging. Common symptoms include:
• Blood in the Urine (Hematuria): This is the most common sign, and the urine may appear pink, red, or brown.
• Pain in the Side or Lower Back: Pain can occur if the tumor blocks the flow of urine, causing pressure to build up in the kidney.
• Frequent Urination or Burning Sensation: Some patients may experience changes in urinary patterns, such as increased urgency or discomfort.
• Unexplained Weight Loss and Fatigue: These symptoms may appear in advanced stages of the disease.

While renal pelvis cancer cannot always be prevented, taking certain precautions can help reduce the risk:
1. Quit Smoking: Avoiding tobacco use can significantly lower the risk of developing renal pelvis cancer and other cancers of the urinary system.
2. Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps flush harmful chemicals out of the kidneys and urinary tract.
3. Limit Exposure to Harmful Chemicals: If you work in an industry that involves exposure to harmful chemicals, use appropriate protective measures.
4. Monitor for Bladder Cancer: People with a history of bladder cancer should have regular checkups to monitor their urinary tract for signs of cancer.

Treatment for renal pelvis cancer depends on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:
1. Surgery: The most common treatment involves removing the affected kidney and part of the ureter (nephroureterectomy). In some cases, only part of the kidney may be removed if the tumor is small.
2. Endoscopic Surgery: For early-stage cancers, minimally invasive procedures using a scope may be used to remove tumors without the need for large incisions.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs may be used to target cancer cells, especially if the cancer has spread or if surgery is not an option.
4. Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation is used to kill cancer cells, though this is less commonly used for renal pelvis cancer.
5. Immunotherapy: Newer treatments that enhance the body’s immune response to fight cancer may be considered in advanced cases.