The exact cause of bladder cancer is not always known, but certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing it:
1. Smoking: Smoking is the most significant risk factor for bladder cancer. Harmful chemicals in tobacco can accumulate in the bladder, damaging the cells.
2. Exposure to Chemicals: Workers in industries involving chemicals like dyes, rubber, leather, and textiles are at higher risk.
3. Chronic Bladder Inflammation: Long-term bladder infections or the use of urinary catheters may increase the risk.
4. Age: Bladder cancer is more common in older adults, particularly those over 55.
5. Gender: Men are at higher risk of developing bladder cancer than women.
6. Previous Cancer Treatments: Some cancer treatments, like radiation therapy, can increase the risk of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer can cause a variety of symptoms, including:
• Blood in the urine (hematuria), which may cause the urine to appear pink, red, or brown
• Frequent urination or feeling the urge to urinate, even when the bladder is not full
• Pain or burning sensation during urination
• Lower back pain or pelvic pain
• Urgency to urinate without being able to pass much urine

While bladder cancer cannot always be prevented, you can reduce your risk by:
1. Quit Smoking: Avoiding tobacco is the most effective way to lower the risk of bladder cancer.
2. Limit Chemical Exposure: Follow safety guidelines if you work in industries that involve chemicals.
3. Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water may help flush harmful substances from the bladder.
4. Eat a Healthy Diet: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, which contain antioxidants, can help reduce the risk of many cancers, including bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:
1. Surgery: Removal of the tumor or part of the bladder. In some cases, the entire bladder may need to be removed (cystectomy).
2. Chemotherapy: Drugs used to destroy cancer cells. This may be given before or after surgery or as a primary treatment.
3. Immunotherapy: Treatments that help the body’s immune system recognize and fight cancer cells, sometimes directly administered into the bladder (intravesical therapy).
4. Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation used to target and kill cancer cells, often used for patients who cannot undergo surgery.
5. Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cells based on their molecular properties.