The primary causes of CKD include:
• Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys over time, impairing their function.
• High blood pressure (Hypertension): Chronic high blood pressure can cause the blood vessels in the kidneys to narrow and harden, leading to reduced kidney function.
• Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli) can lead to CKD.
• Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic condition in which cysts form in the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney failure.
• Obstructions: Conditions like kidney stones, enlarged prostate, or tumors that block urine flow can lead to CKD.
• Other conditions: Autoimmune diseases, infections, and prolonged use of certain medications can also contribute to kidney damage.

In the early stages, CKD may have no obvious symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Swelling in the ankles, feet, or around the eyes.
• Decreased urine output or changes in urine appearance.
• Shortness of breath.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• High blood pressure.
• Itchy skin or rashes.
• Difficulty concentrating or confusion.

While CKD cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk:
• Control blood sugar levels: Proper management of diabetes through diet, exercise, and medications.
• Maintain healthy blood pressure: Regular monitoring and lifestyle changes (e.g., reducing salt intake, regular exercise).
• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water to support kidney function.
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol: Both can worsen kidney health.
• Healthy diet: A balanced diet low in salt, processed foods, and rich in fruits and vegetables.
• Regular check-ups: Early detection through routine kidney function tests can help prevent progression.

While CKD cannot be cured, it can be managed to slow its progression and prevent complications:
• Medications: To control underlying conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
• Dietary changes: A kidney-friendly diet may be recommended, often low in salt, protein, and potassium, depending on kidney function.
• Dialysis: In advanced stages of CKD, dialysis may be required to help remove waste and excess fluid from the blood.
• Kidney transplant: In cases of end-stage kidney failure, a kidney transplant may be considered as a treatment option.