The exact cause of Interstitial Cystitis is unknown, but it may involve:
• Bladder lining defects: A weakened bladder lining may allow irritating substances in urine to penetrate and inflame the bladder wall.
• Autoimmune response: The body may mistakenly attack its own bladder cells.
• Other factors: Genetics, allergies, or infections may also play a role.

• Chronic pelvic pain or pressure, especially as the bladder fills.
• Frequent urination, often in small amounts, day and night.
• Urgency to urinate, even after recently going.
• Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse.
• Symptoms that worsen during menstruation (in women).

While IC cannot always be prevented, lifestyle adjustments may help minimize symptom severity:
• Avoiding bladder irritants like caffeine, alcohol, acidic foods, and artificial sweeteners.
• Staying hydrated with water instead of sugary or acidic drinks.
• Practicing stress management techniques.

Treatment for IC focuses on symptom relief, as no single cure exists:
• Diet modification: Avoiding foods and beverages that trigger symptoms.
• Bladder training: Techniques to gradually increase the time between urinations.
• Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, or pain relievers may help manage symptoms.
• Physical therapy: Pelvic floor therapy can relieve associated muscle tension.
• Bladder instillations: Solutions introduced directly into the bladder to reduce inflammation.
• Nerve stimulation therapy: Techniques like TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) may alleviate symptoms.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgery might be considered, though it’s typically a last resort.