Male infertility can be caused by several factors:
• Medical conditions: Hormonal imbalances, genetic disorders, varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum), infections, and certain chronic illnesses.
• Lifestyle factors: Smoking, alcohol use, recreational drugs, obesity, and exposure to toxins.
• Physical issues: Blockages in the reproductive tract, previous surgeries, or injuries to the testicles.
• Environmental factors: Exposure to radiation, chemicals, or excessive heat (e.g., frequent use of hot tubs).

While male infertility often has no obvious symptoms, some men may experience:
• Low sperm count or sperm abnormalities.
• Swelling or pain in the testicles.
• Decreased facial or body hair, indicating hormonal issues.
• Difficulty with sexual function.

Some preventive measures include:
• Avoiding tobacco, excessive alcohol, and recreational drugs.
• Maintaining a healthy weight and exercising regularly.
• Managing stress and getting adequate sleep.
• Avoiding exposure to environmental toxins and extreme heat.

The treatment for male infertility depends on the underlying cause:
• Lifestyle changes: Improving diet, reducing stress, and avoiding harmful substances.
• Medications: Hormonal treatments or medications to improve sperm production.
• Surgical procedures: Varicocele repair or sperm retrieval techniques if there are blockages.
• Assisted reproductive techniques (ART): Procedures like in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for couples with severe fertility issues.