While the exact cause of urethral cancer is not fully understood, certain factors can increase the risk of developing this cancer:
1. Chronic Inflammation: Long-term infections or inflammations in the urinary tract can increase the risk.
2. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: Some strains of HPV, a common sexually transmitted infection, are associated with an increased risk of urethral cancer.
3. Age and Gender: Urethral cancer is more common in older adults, particularly those over the age of 60, and occurs more frequently in men.
4. History of Bladder or Urinary Tract Cancer: Individuals with a history of bladder or urinary tract cancers may be at greater risk.
5. Urethral Strictures: A condition that causes narrowing of the urethra due to scar tissue can increase cancer risk.

The symptoms of urethral cancer can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but common signs include:
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Frequent or difficult urination
• Weak or interrupted urine flow
• A lump or growth in the perineum or penis
• Pain or discomfort during urination
• Swollen lymph nodes in the groin area
• Discharge from the urethra
If any of these symptoms occur, it’s important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis.

There are no guaranteed ways to prevent urethral cancer, but certain steps can help lower the risk:
1. Practice Safe Sex: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV infection, which is linked to urethral cancer.
2. Stop Smoking: Tobacco use can damage the urinary tract and increase the risk of urethral and bladder cancers.
3. Manage Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Treat UTIs promptly to prevent long-term inflammation that may increase cancer risk.
4. HPV Vaccination: Getting vaccinated against HPV can lower the risk of developing cancers associated with the virus.

The treatment for urethral cancer depends on the stage, size, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Treatment options include:
1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for urethral cancer, and may involve removing the tumor, part of the urethra, or even parts of surrounding organs, depending on the cancer’s extent.
2. Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation is used to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors, often used alongside surgery.
3. Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells, especially in advanced cases or when cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Newer treatments that help boost the immune system’s ability to recognize and attack cancer cells.