The exact cause of testicular cancer is not clear, but certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing it:
1. Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism): Men born with one or both testicles that did not descend into the scrotum have a higher risk of testicular cancer.
2. Family History: A family history of testicular cancer may increase the risk.
3. Age: It primarily affects younger men, particularly between ages 15 and 35.
4. Race and Ethnicity: Testicular cancer is more common in white men than in men of other races.
5. Previous Testicular Cancer: Having had cancer in one testicle increases the risk of developing it in the other.

Testicular cancer may cause a variety of signs and symptoms, including:
• A lump or swelling in either testicle, usually painless
• A feeling of heaviness or aching in the lower abdomen or scrotum
• Sudden fluid accumulation in the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum
• Back pain (in cases where the cancer has spread)

There is no sure way to prevent testicular cancer, but some steps may help in early detection:
1. Regular Self-Exams: Performing monthly self-exams can help detect any lumps or changes in the testicles early.
2. Routine Medical Checkups: Regular physical examinations by a healthcare provider can help spot potential issues before they become serious.
Early detection is key to successful treatment, so men should seek medical advice if they notice any abnormalities.

Treatment for testicular cancer is highly effective and usually involves a combination of the following options:
1. Surgery: The most common treatment is the removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy). This surgery is typically curative for early-stage cancer.
2. Radiation Therapy: High-energy radiation may be used to target and kill cancer cells, particularly in cases of seminoma, a type of testicular cancer.
3. Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to destroy cancer cells, especially for more advanced cases or cancers that have spread.
4. Surveillance: For certain early-stage cancers, close monitoring without immediate treatment may be recommended after surgery.